![]() Synthesis of ATP: As H + returns to the matrix through the concentration gradient, they pass through a multi-subunit enzyme complex called ATP synthase and result in ATP synthesis.Splitting of oxygen to form water: This happens at the end of ETC, where electrons are finally transferred to molecular oxygen, forming a water molecule by accepting H + ions.This process creates a proton gradient, also known as the electrochemical gradient. ![]() Transfer of electrons by mobile electron carriers and proton pumping: As electrons flow through the chain, they lose energy, which helps to pump protons (H + ions) out of the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.Donation of electrons by electron carriers NADH and FADH 2: Two reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH 2 produced during earlier stages of cellular respiration transfer their electrons to the specific complex at the start of ETC.The critical steps of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are: ![]()
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